Ranged (2024)

"Archery" redirects here. For the archery competition minigame, see Ranging Guild.

For a list of all requirements and unlockables within the Ranged skill, see Ranged/Level up table.

Ranged (1)

This article has skill training guides: Members / Free-to-play

Skill training guides document optimal XP/hour methods to train a skill, as well as alternate passive or less expensive methods.

Ranged
Ranged (2)
Released4 January 2001 (Update)
Also calledArchery, Range
MembersNo
TypeCombat
Statistics
Players with
99
480,403
as of 1 April 2024 - update
Players with
200M XP
1105
as of 17 March 2024 - update

Ranged (3)

Ranged is one of the three combat classes in Old School RuneScape. It involves using bows, crossbows, and thrown weapons to damage opponents from a distance, and Ranged armour can mostly be made from animal hides. Players who specialise in this skill are known as rangers or archers.

The combat triangle dictates that rangers are strong against mages but weak against melee fighters.

The ability to attack from a distance means that a player can safespot a melee monster while fighting from safety. Keep in mind that some melee monsters have high Ranged Defence, so a high Ranged level may be needed. Crossbows are useful against monsters with high Defence, as they are very accurate.

Players can toggle whether they want ammunition on the ground to automatically be equipped or remain in the inventory when picked up by talking to the Ranged combat tutor.

Ranged (4)

Ranged level up - normal

The music that plays when levelling up.

Ranged (5)

Ranged level up - with unlocks

The music that plays when levelling up and unlocking new content.

Contents

  • 1 Equipment
    • 1.1 Stats
    • 1.2 Weapons
    • 1.3 Armour
  • 2 Enchanted crossbow bolts
  • 3 Temporary boosts
  • 4 Quests
    • 4.1 Quests requiring Ranged
    • 4.2 Quests rewarding Ranged experience
    • 4.3 Skill choice
  • 5 See also

Equipment[edit | edit source]

Stats[edit | edit source]

There are three ranged equipment stats, two for attack (Ranged Attack and Ranged Strength) and one for defence (Ranged Defence).

Ranged weapons (and frequently Ranged armour) provide + Ranged Attack for accuracy, + Ranged Strength for max hit, and armour provides + Ranged Defence.

Note: In the case of crossbows and bows, the bows provide the Ranged Attack and the ammo provides Ranged Strength, while with darts, knives and throwing axes (where the ammo is the weapon) both stats are provided by the weapon. In this case, ammo serves no purpose (though blessings still give a prayer bonus however).

Weapons[edit | edit source]

Ranged weapons have three combat styles: accurate, rapid, and longrange. The accurate style provides an invisible +3 bonus to the player's Ranged level, increasing their accuracy and possibly increasing their max hit. The rapid style increases the player's attack speed by 1, resulting in the highest damage per second of all the styles in almost all situations. The longrange style increases attack range by 2, provides an invisible +3 bonus to the player's Defence level, and splits earned exp between Ranged and Defence.

WeaponInformation
Ranged (6)Ranged (7)Shortbows
Longbows
These bows both fire the same arrows, differing in speed and range, but not in damage or accuracy. Longbows could be used for additional range, but are slower than shortbows on rapid. The magic shortbow has a special attack which hits twice, and the magic longbow has a special attack which boosts accuracy.
Ranged (8)Ranged (9)Ranged (10)Darts

Throwing knives
Throwing axes

Darts and throwing knives have the highest attack speed in the game, but low Ranged attack, Ranged strength and attack range stats. Throwing axes have superior damage and accuracy, but a slower attack speed.
Ranged (11)Toktz-xil-ulToktz-xil-ul also known as throwing rings are as powerful as a magic shortbow with rune arrows.
Ranged (12)ChinchompasChinchompas deal very little damage, but they hit multiple targets, making them excellent for training. Because of this, they are extremely expensive.
Ranged (13)Composite bowsThese bows are similar to longbows, but have a faster attack speed and slightly higher accuracy. These bows can only be obtained from completing Treasure Trails or by trading with another player. The magic comp bow has the same special attack as the magic longbow.
Ranged (14)CrossbowsCrossbows are very accurate, and crossbow bolts deal significantly more damage than arrows, making crossbows effective for training Ranged. Crossbows are slower than standard bows, but are also one-handed, so a shield or god book can be used for protection.
Ranged (15)Dorgeshuun crossbowThis is the only crossbow which can fire the cheap bone bolts. It is also faster than normal crossbows, and has a special attack which lowers the target's Defence level.
Ranged (16)Karil's crossbowDespite being a crossbow, it is more like a shortbow, requiring two hands and having a fast attack speed, along with longer range. Karil's crossbow will only work with bolt racks, which break when fired, making it expensive to use. This weapon should only be used against the TzTok-Jad and players, as everything else can be done more cheaply.
Ranged (17)Ranged (18)Ogre bow
Compogrebow
The ogre bow uses ogre arrows. It is extremely slow; its only real use is for hunting chompy birds. The composite ogre bow has the same speed as a crossbow, and can use brutal arrows as well as ogre arrows. Rune brutals have the same Ranged Strength bonus as dragon arrows.
Ranged (19)Dark bowThe dark bow is the slowest weapon in the game, but it fires two arrows at once. It can fire dragon arrows, and it has a devastating special attack which boosts damage by 30% if using arrows that are not dragon, or by 50% if using dragon arrows, with a minimum damage of 5 per non-dragon arrow and 8 per dragon arrow.
Ranged (20)Toxic blowpipeThe toxic blowpipe is a powerful ranged weapon that uses darts and Zulrah's scales for ammunition. Against monsters, it has the same speed as darts/knives, but against players, it has the same attack speed as shortbows. Additionally, the toxic blowpipe can inflict targets with venom, which deals increasing damage over time.
Ranged (21)Dwarf multicannonThe dwarf multicannon is a supplementary weapon that is set up by the player and attacks enemies on its own. There is no Ranged level requirement to use it. It is fast and powerful (with a max hit of 30), yet expensive to use, and there are a limited number of areas where it can be set up for usage. For example, it cannot be used against bosses except the Corporeal Beast. Nonetheless, it's useful and great to have on board, especially on certain Slayer tasks (e.g. dagannoths).
Ranged (22)Twisted bowThe twisted bow is one of the most powerful ranged weapons in the game, being able to hit extremely high on certain monsters. It has a passive ability that increases its accuracy and damage based on the target's Magic level.
Ranged (23)Crystal bowA relatively strong composite bow. Its damage and accuracy can be increased by wearing pieces of the Crystal armour. Generates its own ammo, but degrades.
Ranged (24)Craw's bowThis powerful shortbow has 50% increased damage against monsters in the Wilderness. Generates its own ammo, but needs to be charged with Revenant ether.
Ranged (25)BallistaThe light ballista and heavy ballista are two-handed ranged weapons which use javelins as ammunition. They are slow, but capable of dealing high hits.
Ranged (26)Bow of faerdhinenA very powerful composite bow. Its damage and accuracy can be increased by wearing pieces of the Crystal armour. Generates its own ammo. When corrupted, it does not degrade.

Armour[edit | edit source]

Main article: Armour/Ranged armour

Enchanted crossbow bolts[edit | edit source]

Main article: Enchant Crossbow Bolt

Bolts that are tipped with gems can be enchanted for a wide variety of passive effects, each of which has a small chance of activating when an enemy is damaged by the bolt.

Bolt typeRanged (27) LevelRanged (28) LevelRunes requiredEffect
Ranged (29)Opal bolts (e)1142Ranged (30) 1Ranged (31) Lucky LightningExtra damage.
Ranged (32)Sapphire bolts (e)567 1Ranged (33) 1Ranged (34) 1Ranged (35) Clear MindPrayer siphon.
Ranged (36)Jade bolts (e)2614 2Ranged (37) 1Ranged (38) Earth's FuryOpponent knockdown.
Ranged (39)Pearl bolts (e)4124 2Ranged (40) 1Ranged (41) Sea CurseExtra (water-based) damage - effective against monsters specialising in the fire element, such as Obsidian creatures.
Ranged (42)Emerald bolts (e)58273Ranged (43) 1Ranged (44) 1Ranged (45) Magical PoisonGreater chance of poison.
Ranged (46)Topaz bolts (e)4829 2Ranged (47) 1Ranged (48) Down to EarthLowers target's Magic (other players only).
Ranged (49)Ruby bolts (e)6349 5Ranged (50) 1Ranged (51) 1Ranged (52) Blood Forfeit-10% Hitpoints from self, -20% Hitpoints from target.
Ranged (53)Diamond bolts (e)6557 10Ranged (54) 1Ranged (55) 2Ranged (56) Armour PiercingIgnore much of target's Ranged Defence.
Ranged (57)Dragonstone bolts (e)7168 15Ranged (58) 1Ranged (59) 1Ranged (60) Dragon's BreathDragonfire damage - Magical attack, effective against opponents with low Magic Defence. Antifire potions will decrease the hit.
Ranged (61)Onyx bolts (e)7387 20Ranged (62) 1Ranged (63) 1Ranged (64) Life LeechExtra damage, Hitpoints siphon by 1/4 of hit, but not versus undead.

Temporary boosts[edit | edit source]

Main article: Temporary skill boost

BoostLevel
increase
VisibilityOther info
Ranged (65)Ranging cape1VisibleWhen the ranging cape is equipped, it grants players the ammo-saving effects of Ava's accumulator.
Ranged (66)Wild pie4VisibleRanged (67) Hitpoints 11 per bite.
Ranged (68) Slayer 5
Ranged (69)Lizardkicker4VisibleRanged (70) Strength - floor(CurrentLevel * 0.04) - 2
Ranged (71) Magic - floor(CurrentLevel * 0.04) - 2
Ranged (72)Spicy stew
(red spice)
±0-5VisibleRanged (73) Hitpoints 11
Depending on type of stew, any skill except Hitpoints can be boosted or reduced by 0 to 5 levels randomly.
Ranged (74)Ranging potion4-13VisibleRanged (75) Ranged 4 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.1)
Ranged (76)Ranging mix4-13VisibleRanged (77) Hitpoints 6 per dose.
Ranged (78) Ranged 4 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.1)

Requires Barbarian training.

Ranged (79)Divine ranging potion4-13VisibleRanged (80) Ranged 4 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.1)
Stat draining for ranged is disabled for 5 minutes, meaning the player's Ranged level will stay fully boosted.
After the 5 minutes are over, Ranged level will be restored to its base level.
Ranged (81)Bastion potion4-13VisibleRanged (82) Defence 5 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.15)
Ranged (83) Ranged 4 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.1)
Acts as a ranging and super defence potion in one dose.
Ranged (84)Divine bastion potion4-13VisibleRanged (85) Defence 5 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.15)
Ranged (86) Ranged 4 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.1)
Stat draining for Ranged and Defence is disabled for 5 minutes, meaning the player's Ranged and Defence levels will stay fully boosted.
After the 5 minutes are over, Ranged and Defence levels will be restored to its base level.
Ranged (87)Bandages (Theatre of Blood)4-13VisibleRanged (88) Hitpoints 20
Ranged (89) Attack 4 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.15)
Ranged (90) Defence 4 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.15)
Ranged (91) Strength 4 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.15)
Ranged (92) Magic 4
Ranged (93) Ranged 4 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.1)
Ranged (94)Twisted (-)4-13VisibleRanged (95) Ranged 4 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.1)
Only usable within the Chambers of Xeric.
Ranged (96)Overload (-)4-13VisibleActs as an elder (-), twisted (-), and kodai (-) potion in one dose.
Ranged (97) Hitpoints - 50
Ranged (98) Attack 4 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.1)
Ranged (99) Defence 4 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.1)
Ranged (100) Strength 4 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.1)
Ranged (101) Ranged 4 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.1)
Ranged (102) Magic 4 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.1)
The boost is reapplied every 15 seconds for 5 minutes.
(This lost health is refunded after the overload ends).
Only usable within the Chambers of Xeric.
Ranged (103)Twisted potion5-17VisibleRanged (104) Ranged 5 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.13)
Only usable within the Chambers of Xeric.
Ranged (105)Overload (Chambers of Xeric)5-17VisibleActs as an elder, twisted, and kodai potion in one dose.
Ranged (106) Hitpoints - 50
Ranged (107) Attack 5 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.13)
Ranged (108) Defence 5 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.13)
Ranged (109) Strength 5 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.13)
Ranged (110) Ranged 5 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.13)
Ranged (111) Magic 5 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.13)
The boost is reapplied every 15 seconds for 5 minutes.
(This lost health is refunded after the overload ends).
Only usable within the Chambers of Xeric.
Ranged (112)Potion of power5-19VisibleRanged (113) Ranged 5 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.15)
Only usable within the Soul Wars minigame.
Ranged (114)Super ranging5-19VisibleRanged (115) Ranged 5 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.15)
Only usable within the Nightmare Zone.
Ranged (116)Overload (Nightmare Zone)5-19VisibleActs as a super combat, super ranging, and super magic potion in one dose.
Ranged (117) Hitpoints - 50
Ranged (118) Attack 5 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.15)
Ranged (119) Defence 5 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.15)
Ranged (120) Strength 5 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.15)
Ranged (121) Ranged 5 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.15)
Ranged (122) Magic 5 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.15)
The boost is reapplied every 15 seconds for 5 minutes.
(This lost health is refunded after the overload ends).
Only usable within the Nightmare Zone.
Ranged (123)Twisted (+)6-21VisibleRanged (124) Ranged 6 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.16)
Only usable within the Chambers of Xeric.
Ranged (125)Overload (+)6-21VisibleActs as an elder (+), twisted (+), and kodai (+) potion in one dose.
Ranged (126) Hitpoints - 50
Ranged (127) Attack 6 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.16)
Ranged (128) Defence 6 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.16)
Ranged (129) Strength 6 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.16)
Ranged (130) Ranged 6 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.16)
Ranged (131) Magic 6 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.16)
The boost is reapplied every 15 seconds for 5 minutes.
(This lost health is refunded after the overload ends).
Only usable within the Chambers of Xeric.
Ranged (132)Smelling salts (2)11-26VisibleRanged (133) Attack 11 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.16)
Ranged (134) Defence 11 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.16)
Ranged (135) Strength 11 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.16)
Ranged (136) Ranged 11 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.16)
Ranged (137) Magic 11 + floor(StaticLevel * 0.16)
Restores run energy by 25%.
The boost is reapplied every 15 seconds for 8 minutes.
Only usable within the Tombs of Amascut.

Quests[edit | edit source]

Quests requiring Ranged[edit | edit source]

QuestRanged
requirement
Other skill requirements
Underground PassRanged (138) 25 -
Animal MagnetismRanged (139) 30 Ranged (140) 18 , Ranged (141) 35
Big Chompy Bird HuntingRanged (142) 30 Ranged (143) 5 , Ranged (144) 30
Zogre Flesh EatersRanged (145) 30 Ranged (146) 4 , Ranged (147) 8
Spirits of the ElidRanged (148) 37 Ranged (149) 37 , Ranged (150) 33 , Ranged (151) 37
Temple of IkovRanged (152) 40 Ranged (153) 42
Cabin FeverRanged (154) 40 Ranged (155) 50 , Ranged (156) 42 , Ranged (157) 45
The Path of GlouphrieRanged (158) 47 Ranged (159) 60 , Ranged (160) 56 , Ranged (161) 56 , Ranged (162) 45
Mourning's End Part IRanged (163) 60 Ranged (164) 50

Quests rewarding Ranged experience[edit | edit source]

QuestExperience
reward
Ranged
requirement
Other requirements
Big Chompy Bird Hunting735Ranged (165) 30 Ranged (166) 5 , Ranged (167) 30
Recipe for Disaster
(Skrach Uglogwee subquest)
1,500Ranged (168) 30 Ranged (169) 41 , Ranged (170) 20
Death to the Dorgeshuun2,000-Ranged (171) 23 , Ranged (172) 23
Zogre Flesh Eaters2,000Ranged (173) 30 Ranged (174) 4 , Ranged (175) 8
Heroes' Quest2,075-Ranged (176) 55 , Ranged (177) 53 , Ranged (178) 53 , Ranged (179) 25 , Ranged (180) 50
Horror from the Deep4,662.5-Ranged (181) 35
Temple of Ikov10,500Ranged (182) 40 Ranged (183) 42
Total23,472.5

Skill choice[edit | edit source]

Upon completing any of the following quests, players may choose to allocate experience to Ranged. These rewards usually come in the form of items, such as lamps or books, and are independent of any experience rewards directly received for completing the quest.

QuestExperience
reward
Skills availableSkill requirements
X Marks the Spot300AnyNone
Client of Kourend500 twiceAnyNone
Fairytale II - Cure a Queen2,500Any skill above 30Ranged (184) 49 , Ranged (185) 57
A Tail of Two Cats2,500 twiceAny skill above 30None
The Great Brain Robbery5,000Any skill above 30Ranged (186) 16 , Ranged (187) 30 , Ranged (188) 50
King's Ransom5,000Any skill above 50Ranged (189) 65
Darkness of Hallowvale2,000 three timesAny skill above 30Ranged (190) 5 , Ranged (191) 20 , Ranged (192) 22 , Ranged (193) 32 , Ranged (194) 33 , Ranged (195) 40
A Taste of Hope2,500 three timesAny skill above 35Ranged (196) 48 , Ranged (197) 40 , Ranged (198) 40 , Ranged (199) 45 , Ranged (200) 38
A Kingdom Divided10,000 twiceAny skill above 40Ranged (201) 54 , Ranged (202) 52 , Ranged (203) 52 , Ranged (204) 50 , Ranged (205) 42 ,
Ranged (206) 38 , Ranged (207) 35
In Search of Knowledge
(miniquest)
10,000Any skill above 40None
Curse of the Empty Lord
(miniquest)
10,000Any skill above 50Some players will need Ranged (208) 31
Shadow of the Storm10,000Ranged (209) Ranged (210) Ranged (211) Ranged (212) Ranged (213) Ranged (214) Ranged (215) 30
Contact!7,000 twiceRanged (216) Ranged (217) Ranged (218) Ranged (219) Ranged (220) Ranged (221) None
Dream Mentor15,000Ranged (222) Ranged (223) Ranged (224) Ranged (225) Ranged (226) Ranged (227) 32 , Ranged (228) 85 , Ranged (229) 61 , Ranged (230) 40 , Ranged (231) 49 ,
Ranged (232) 5 , Ranged (233) 65 , Ranged (234) 60 , Ranged (235) 55
A Night at the Theatre20,000 four timesRanged (236) Ranged (237) Ranged (238) Ranged (239) Ranged (240) Ranged (241) Ranged (242) 90 recommended
One Small Favour10,000 twiceAny skill above 30Ranged (243) 36 , Ranged (244) 25 , Ranged (245) 18 , Ranged (246) 30
Recipe for Disaster
(The final battle)
20,000Any skill above 50Ranged (247) 175 , Ranged (248) 70 , Ranged (249) 48 , Ranged (250) 50 , Ranged (251) 53 ,
Ranged (252) 53 , Ranged (253) 25 , Ranged (254) 59 , Ranged (255) 40 , Ranged (256) 50 ,
Ranged (257) 40 , Ranged (258) 40 , Ranged (259) 10 , Ranged (260) 10 , Ranged (261) 36
Sins of the Father15,000 six timesAny skill above 60Ranged (262) 62 , Ranged (263) 60 , Ranged (264) 56 , Ranged (265) 52 , Ranged (266) 50 , Ranged (267) 50 , Ranged (268) 49
Dragon Slayer II25,000 four timesRanged (269) Ranged (270) Ranged (271) Ranged (272) Ranged (273) Ranged (274) Ranged (275) 200 , Ranged (276) 75 , Ranged (277) 70 , Ranged (278) 68 , Ranged (279) 62 ,
Ranged (280) 60 , Ranged (281) 60 , Ranged (282) 50 , Ranged (283) 50
Into the Tombs
(miniquest)
50,000Ranged (284) Ranged (285) Ranged (286) Ranged (287) Ranged (288) Ranged (289) Ranged (290) 95 recommended
Monkey Madness II50,000 twiceRanged (291) Ranged (292) Ranged (293) Ranged (294) Ranged (295) Ranged (296) Ranged (297) 69 , Ranged (298) 70 , Ranged (299) 60 , Ranged (300) 55 , Ranged (301) 55 , Ranged (302) 60
Desert Treasure II - The Fallen Empire100,000 three timesRanged (303) Ranged (304) Ranged (305) Ranged (306) Ranged (307) Ranged (308) Ranged (309) Ranged (310) 75 , Ranged (311) 75 , Ranged (312) 70 , Ranged (313) 62 , Ranged (314) 60 , Ranged (315) 60
Total871,300

See also[edit | edit source]

ve

Combat
Gathering
Production
Utility
Proposed skills
In development
Previously proposed
Related

ve

Ranged weapons

Shortbows
Longbows
Composite bows
Special bows
Crossbows
Ballistae
Darts
Throwing knife
Throwing axes
Chinchompas
Other weapons
Ammunition

ve

Headgear
Bodies
Legwear
Gloves
Boots
Capes
Amulets
Rings
Shields
Ranged (2024)

FAQs

What counts as a ranged attack? ›

Anything that is thrown, especially missile weapons (darts, arrows, etc.) Attack wands, notably striking, cold, fire, and lightning.

Is ranged worth it in osrs? ›

But if you want to be a powerful archer who snipes out enemies from afar, then you should start training your Ranged Skill. As one of the core combat skills in OSRS, Ranged is a vital Skill for dealing with certain enemies or if you simply want to kill enemies while staying out of harm's way.

What is a ranged attack 5E? ›

Ranged Attacks

When you make a ranged attack, you fire a bow or a crossbow, hurl a handaxe, or otherwise send projectiles to strike a foe at a distance. A monster might shoot spines from its tail. Many spells also involve making a ranged attack.

Is throwing a ranged attack? ›

Your inclination is correct, throwing a melee weapon is a “ranged weapon attack,” but it is not an “attack with a ranged weapon.” You could use Sneak Attack with a thrown dagger because it has the finesse property, or with a dart because it is a ranged weapon.

Is Ranged or melee better? ›

In general strong fighters are going to better in melee, characters with higher dexterity and casters are going to be better in ranged combat. If your character is strong enough to throw enemies melee is generally a lot better (I think that is 16 strength to throw goblins, higher for others).

What is a disadvantage on Ranged? ›

When you make a ranged attack with a weapon, a spell, or some other means, you have disadvantage on the attack roll if you are within 5 feet of a hostile creature who can see you and who isn't incapacitated.

What is the most powerful ranged weapon in OSRS? ›

Nonetheless, it's useful and great to have on board, especially on certain Slayer tasks (e.g. dagannoths). The twisted bow is one of the most powerful ranged weapons in the game, being able to hit extremely high on certain monsters.

What counts as a ranged weapon in D&D? ›

Every weapon is classified as either melee or ranged. A melee weapon is used to attack a target within 5 feet of you, whereas a ranged weapon is used to attack a target at a distance.

How do you calculate ranged attack in 5e? ›

Ranged weapons Attacks with ranged weapons always use your PC's Dexterity modifier, so the formula is: Dexterity (DEX) Modifier + Proficiency Bonus. Ranged weapons include any weapons (like shortbows, longbows, crossbows, and darts) that can be used to attack at a distance.

What is an example of a ranged weapon? ›

Early ranged weapons often included specifically designed hand-thrown weapons such as darts, javelins, slings, as well as elastic weapons such as slingshots, bows and crossbows; and more complex siege engines like stone throwers, catapults, ballistas and trebuchets.

Do firearms count as ranged weapons? ›

Ranged weapons are weapons which are used in ranged combat. The defining trait of ranged weapons is generally their requirement of ammunition in order for the weapon to operate. Ranged weapons are roughly categorized into bows, repeaters, guns, and launchers.

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